41.POLYHYDRAMNIOS ALL ARE TRUE EXCEPT
A.HYDROPS FETALIS
B.IUGR
C.MULTIPLE PREGNANCY
D.ANENCEPHALY
ANS:IUGR
Causes
In most cases, the exact cause can not be identified. A single case of polyhydramnios may have one or more causes. Some cases are due to maternal diabetes mellitus, which causes fetal hyperglycemia and resulting polyuria (fetal urine is a major source of amniotic fluid) and also rh-isoimmunisation can cause it. Few cases are associated with fetal anomalies that impair the ability of the fetus to swallow (the fetus normally swallows the amniotic fluid).
These anomalies include:
gastrointestinal abnormalities such as esophageal atresia, duodenal atresia, facial cleft, neck masses, and tracheoesophageal fistula
fetal renal disorders that results in increased urine production during pregnancy, such as in antenatal Bartter syndrome.Molecular diagnosis is available for these conditions.chromosomal abnormalities such as Down's syndrome and Edwards syndrome (which is itself often associated with GI abnormalities)
neurological abnormalities such as anencephaly, which impair the swallowing reflex
It may also be caused by a congenital defect (a congenital diaphragmatic hernia), Bochdalek's hernia, in which the pleuro-peritoneal membranes (especially the left) will fail to develop & seal the pericardio- peritoneal canals. This results in the stomach protrusion up into the thoracic cavity, and the fetus is unable to swallow sufficient amounts of amniotic fluid.
In a multiple gestation pregnancy, the cause of polyhydramnios usually is twin-twin transfusion syndrome.
It can also be caused by some systemic medical conditions in the mother, including cardiac or kidney problems. It can also be caused by intrauterine infection (TORCH)
Additionally, chorioangioma of the placenta can also cause this condition.
A recent study distinguishes between mild and severe polyhydramnios and showed that Apgar score of less than 7, perinatal death and structural malformations only occurred in women with severe polyhydramnios. In another study, all patients with polyhydramnios, that had a sonographically normal fetus, showed no chromosomal anomalies.
A.HYDROPS FETALIS
B.IUGR
C.MULTIPLE PREGNANCY
D.ANENCEPHALY
ANS:IUGR
Causes
In most cases, the exact cause can not be identified. A single case of polyhydramnios may have one or more causes. Some cases are due to maternal diabetes mellitus, which causes fetal hyperglycemia and resulting polyuria (fetal urine is a major source of amniotic fluid) and also rh-isoimmunisation can cause it. Few cases are associated with fetal anomalies that impair the ability of the fetus to swallow (the fetus normally swallows the amniotic fluid).
These anomalies include:
gastrointestinal abnormalities such as esophageal atresia, duodenal atresia, facial cleft, neck masses, and tracheoesophageal fistula
fetal renal disorders that results in increased urine production during pregnancy, such as in antenatal Bartter syndrome.Molecular diagnosis is available for these conditions.chromosomal abnormalities such as Down's syndrome and Edwards syndrome (which is itself often associated with GI abnormalities)
neurological abnormalities such as anencephaly, which impair the swallowing reflex
It may also be caused by a congenital defect (a congenital diaphragmatic hernia), Bochdalek's hernia, in which the pleuro-peritoneal membranes (especially the left) will fail to develop & seal the pericardio- peritoneal canals. This results in the stomach protrusion up into the thoracic cavity, and the fetus is unable to swallow sufficient amounts of amniotic fluid.
In a multiple gestation pregnancy, the cause of polyhydramnios usually is twin-twin transfusion syndrome.
It can also be caused by some systemic medical conditions in the mother, including cardiac or kidney problems. It can also be caused by intrauterine infection (TORCH)
Additionally, chorioangioma of the placenta can also cause this condition.
A recent study distinguishes between mild and severe polyhydramnios and showed that Apgar score of less than 7, perinatal death and structural malformations only occurred in women with severe polyhydramnios. In another study, all patients with polyhydramnios, that had a sonographically normal fetus, showed no chromosomal anomalies.
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